Binary Phase Shift Keying BPSK Modulation Demodulation Computer Science Essay

Binary Phase Shift Keying BPSK Modulation Demodulation Computer Science Essay This experiment is based on the Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulation/demodulation technique. The aim of the experiment is to gain familiarity with the components of a simple data transmission system, gain experience using an experimental communication system and studying its performance under the influence of white noise and also, to compare experimental results with theoretical deductions. Bandpass modulation, of which BPSK is a type, is a process whereby, a sinusoid usually called a carrier wave, is modulated or have its characteristics changed by a digital pulse baseband signal in other to enable wireless based transmission. In BPSK modulation, the phase of the carrier waveform is shifted to either 0Â ° or 180Â ° by the modulating data signal. To effectively model the transmission channel, the AWGN generator is used which adds the effect of noise to the signal at the receiver in other to properly characterise what obtains in real systems. SNR measurements are taken after the noise is added before the receiver and results of each stage of the experiment are presented. 2.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results obtained from the experiment and brief discussions are now presented. 2.1 The frequency of the waveform was measured to be 1.493kHz 2.2 The amplitude of the waveform was measured to be 3.608V 2.3 C:Documents and SettingsAGEBNIGADesktopLAB RESULTSPart 2.bmp Fig. 1: Square Waveform from NE555 timer circuit. The timer circuit produces a sequence of ones and zeros which together with the resistors and capacitor, produces a square waveform. It can be observed that the square top and bottom are not perfectly straight but with ripples, this is due to the resonance effect presented by the capacitor. Also, the rising pattern of the top is due to the voltage rise time in the capacitor. 2.4 The frequency of the message sequence is measured to be 374Hz 2.5 C:Documents and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordPart 4 5.bmp Fig. 2: M essage sequence at the output of the frequency divider. The SN74LS74 integrated circuit implements a second order frequency divider, 2n (n=2). Hence the frequency of the timer circuit is divided by four. Hence, this is also evident in the frequency of the message sequence in 2.4 above. 2.6 The cut-off frequency of the 2nd order Butterworth low pass filter is given by; The cut-off frequency is the frequency at which the magnitude of the transfer function drops to 0.7071 of its maximum value which represents the point at which the power in the circuit is 3dB less than the maximum value. 2.7 The frequency of the sinusoid at the output of the filter was measured to be 1.328kHz. 2.8 C:Documents and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.Wordpart 8.jpg Fig. 3: Output of the first and second Butterworth LPF. A B A – Output of first filter; B – Output of second filter The Butterworth lowpass filter is used to generate the sinusoidal carrier required for the baseband signal. The Butterworth filter has a gentle roll-off, has no ripple in the pass or stop band hence, it has a monotonic response. To maximise the smoothness of the sinusoid, we use two of such filters in series.

Written response; What is the purpose of Mama's retelling of familiar Essay

Written response; What is the purpose of Mama's retelling of familiar stories, specially the cuentos, during afternoon coffes - Essay Example Cofer shares the significance of Mama to her in these words, â€Å"I saw her as my liberator and my model. Her stories were parables from which to glean the Truth† (Cofer 69). The characters in Mama’s stories might be fake, but they were knit into stories that depicted the realities of life. The girls were in the age of adolescence and thus, in a state of transition from childhood to adulthood. They needed an interesting way of being informed of the challenges lying ahead in their lives, and Mama’s cuentos exactly addressed that concern. Cofer shares how she would reflect upon Mama’s stories together with Sara to draw conclusions from them in these words, â€Å"Sara and I discussed everything we heard the women say, trying to fit it all together like a puzzle that, once assembled, would reveal life’s mysteries to us† (Cofer 70). Mama’s house was a very suitable place for the cuentos to be narrated in as there was no intrusion of any sort from men in there; â€Å"Then Mama’s house belonged only to us women†¦and the women telling their lives in cuentos are forever woven into the fabric of my imagination, braided like my hair that day I felt my grandmother’s hands teaching me about strength, her voice convincing me of the power of storytelling† (Cofer 70). The stories Mama narrated depicted, in one way or another, realities of the lives of her own daughters. Storytelling not only provided Mama with a unique and interesting way of developing a strong connection and understanding with the young grand-daughters, but also of raising them into well-educated, civilized, and decent girls who would not trust the love of men until they signed the contract of marriage with them. Mama’s stories had lessons hidden in them. Giving those stories deep thoughts would lead Cofer to the realization that a woman loses to nothing and nobody but her own self by letting herself fall into love; â€Å"We understood that neither the name nor any of the facts were

Legalizing marijuana Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Legalizing marijuana - Research Paper Example A number of possible arguments for its legalization are also refuted in support of the actual and feared social, health and economic effects. The more immediate social effect of legalization marijuana production and use would be the higher chances for more crimes which could really have its related health and economic effects. If sins are the enemies of heaven, crimes are the enemies of a just and peaceful society. Thus legalizing the marijuana would have the effect of increasing the number of drug-related crimes. It is argued by those who favour legalization of the marijuana argues that the use and production domestically were not addressed by long practice of prohibiting the same. It is claimed by some supporters that despite the use of criminal penalties to prevent the use of hemp or marijuana for three quarters of a century, there still existed millions of users, which to them should be considered an evidence of such failure of prohibiting its free use and production (â€Å"420 Campaign – Top Ten Reasons Marijuana Should Be Legal†). Said claim essentially rested on the premise that people will not fear what is beneficial even in the eyes of threat of imprisonment. The validity of the above claims by the supporter of legalization become doubtful when the fallacy of the claim is exposes. The continued number of users via illegal means cannot be evidence of its failure since choosing to violate existing laws is still part of human. The fact that the substance is being used by a number people despite its being prohibited does not mean that prohibiting the same has become less effective. On the other hand, claims of success for such prohibition can be supported with crimes continued to be drug-related. It could therefore be countered that had there been no prohibition on the use and production of marijuana the greater would have been the number of crimes and therefore social effects would have been

traglear King Lear Essays: Elements of Tragedy in King Lear :: King Lear essays

Elements of Tragedy in King Lear One Work Cited King Lear meets all the requirements of a tragedy as defined by Andrew Cecil Bradley. Bradley states that a Shakespearean tragedy has to be the story of the hero who endures exceptional suffering and calamity. The story must also contrast the current dilemma to happier times. The play also depicts the troubled parts in the hero's life and eventually he dies instantaneously because of the suffering and calamity. There is the feeling of fear in the play as well, that makes men see how blind they are not knowing when fortune or something else would be on them. The hero must be of a high status on the chain and the hero must also possess a tragic flaw that initiates the tragedy. The fall of the hero is not felt by him alone but creates a chain reaction that affects everything below him. There must also be the element of chance or accident that influences some point in the play. King Lear meets all of these requirements, which have been laid out by Bradley. The main character of the play would be King Lear who in terms of Bradley would be the hero and hold the highest position is the social chain. Lear, out of pride and anger, has banished Cordelia and split the kingdom in half between the two older sisters, Goneril and Regan. This is Lear's tragic flaw that prevents him from seeing the true faces of people because his pride and anger overrides his judgement. As we see in the first act, Lear does not listen to Kent's plea to see closer to the true faces of his daughters. Kent has hurt Lear's pride by disobeying his order to stay out of his and Cordelia's way when Lear has already warned him, "the bow is bent and drawn, make from the shaft" (I.i.152). Kent still disobeys Lear and is banished. Because of this flaw, Lear has initiated the tragedy by disturbing the order in the chain of being by dividing the kingdom, banishing his best servant and daughter, and giving up his thrown. Due to this flaw, Lear has given way to the two older daughters to conspire against him. Lear is finally thrown out of his daughters' homes and left with a fool, a servant and a beggar.

Opportunity of a Lifetime Essay

After reading this essay, one person may be added to the National Organ transplant waiting list. That one person can save or enhance more than 25 different peoples lives. The Donate Life Illinois is a group of agencies responsible for organ donations, education about organ donations and other helpful statistics to help people and save lives. The Donate Life Illinois group established that more than 6,500 people have died nationwide in the United States waiting for an organ transplant in 2011. An average of 18 people die each day waiting for an organ transplant (Organ & Tissue Donation Stats & Facts). Statistics can be overwhelming and confusing to understand, but one thing you can understand is that each number you read represents a person; a person that is waiting to be saved. This person can be a mom, a dad, a brother or a sister, someone important to someone else. Families try their best to try to help their loved ones search for organ donors. Not all patients are able to receive organs because the lack of organ donors. Through a simple two-step plan, which consists of educating more people about organ donations and changing the U.S from an opt-in system to an opt-in system, this could save those 18 lives lost each day. To start this two-step plan to fix the need for organ donors in the U.S is to educate the public about organ donations. Many Americans are not informed about this major issue of organ donations and or unaware of the lack of organ donors needed in our country. They may not realize that they can potentially become an organ donor themselves very easily. With the public becoming more educated, this will increase the number of donors and decrease the number of patients that pass away waiting for organ transplants. One major issue is the publics view about organ donations only occurring when they die. Organ donations are just as important for people that are living as well. For example, kidney transplants are in desperate need that a healthy living person can easily donate. In the essay â€Å"The Surgery Was Simple; the Process Is Another Story† by Virginia Postrel, she talked about her experience of being a living organ donor. She donated her kidney. She states, â€Å"A kidney don ation is a big deal to the recipient, but public perceptions exaggerate what’s involved for the donor† (Postrel, Virginia). The government should clearly explain how easily the procedure could be done. Kidney transplants require a few incisions just enough to get the kidney out. The recovery process is a couple days and you are the same person you were before. It’s not a life changing procedure. Deciding whether to donate is also another issue. She states, â€Å"Even relatively supportive transplant centers like mine make it easier to quit than to go through with it† (Postrel, Virginia). The government should promote organ donations. They should help the public understand that they could save many lives by donating. Organ donations are a very important in the U.S and the public needs to understand the importance of donating. The last part in the two-step plan to fix the need for organ donors in the U.S is to change the opt-in system to an opt-out system. The United States currently has an opt-in system, which individuals are asked to register their willingness to be a donor after their death . The opt-in system that our nation has currently is not very effective. â€Å"A 2005 Gallup poll revealed that more than half the population of the United States was willing to donate organs after death, but inefficiencies in the current system mean that even willing donors often end up not donating† (Carney, Scott). This is a sad statement that has been stated. This shows that there are people willing to donate but because of our system, its more difficult to pull through the procedure and unaware of how to become an organ donor. The government should come up with a solution to help these perfectly good donors willing to help others through an easier process such as an opt-out system. Donate Life America has a statistic that states, â€Å"90% of Americans say they support donation, but only 30% know the essential steps to take to become a donor† (Statistics). By having an opt-out system, it would make it easier for people to get involved with organ donations and it woul d increase the number of organ donors significantly. Instead of â€Å"100 million people that are organ donors in the U.S† (Organ & Tissue Donation Stats & Facts), we could double this number to 200 million people with more people being able to become organ donors. Some people oppose the opt-out system because they are worried about their relatives not knowing the need for an opt-out organ donor registration, a mandate will be in effect. The mandate will require the DMV and Hospitals to ask people if they want to be on the opt-out organ donor list. Most United States citizens have a driver’s license, which means they have to renew it every couple years so it is up to date. The government can then require people that are renewing their license to be informed about the opt-out system and then they can decide whether they want to be removed from the organ donation list or not. In Hospitals, the policy can consist of requiring the patients to sign a document while they are checking into the hospital stating that they understand the opt-out policy completely for organ donations and can state if they do not want to be removed from the organ donation list. If the patient doesn’t want to become an organ donor, they have the right to register as a non-organ donor. This mandate will potentially eliminate the donors family’s claim that they did not realize that the donor need to opt-out of the list to become an organ donor. Through this simple two-step plan, this policy can increase the number of organ donors on the United States, and it will decrease the number of deaths due to the lack of organ donors. With the public becoming more educated about organ donations, people will be less hesitant to go through the organ donation process. The United States government can influence people to go through with organ donations and change the U.S system from an opt-in system to an opt-out system. Changing the opt-in system to an opt-out system will increase organ donors significantly as well because it will be an easier way to establish if the person wants to become an organ donor or not. By these two simple plans to increase organ donations, those 18 lives lost each day will be reduced because of the people wanting to help each other and donate their organs to the people in desperate need of donors. Works cited Carney, Scott. â€Å"The Case for Mandatory Organ Donation.† Patterns for College Writing. 12th ed. Ed. Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell. Boston: Bedford, 2010. Pgs 614-617. Print. â€Å"Organ & Tissue Donationï€  Stats & Facts.† Donate Life Illinois. Gammon Group, 2011. Web. 10 Nov. 2012. . Postrel, Virginia. â€Å"The Surgery Was Simple; the Process Is Another Story.† Patterns for College Writing. 12th ed. Ed. Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell. Boston: Bedford, 2010. Pgs 625-627. Print. â€Å"Statistics.† Statistics | Donatelife.net. N.p., July 2012. Web. 10 Nov. 2012. .

Example French Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 996 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Other Languages Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? Quels sont les facteurs de la montà ©e du Front National et de son succà ¨s aux à ©lections prà ©sidentielles en 2002? Apres les à ©lections prà ©sidentielles de 2002 et la nomination de Jean-Marie Le Pen, leader du Front National, au premier tour le 21 avril, la France fut jetà ©e en confusion. Personne, il est vrai, ne sy attendait, mais vu de recul cette victoire partielle peut à ªtre expliquà ©e par nombreux facteurs a la fois psychologiques, politiques et sociaux. 1. Le nombre de candidats pour la prà ©sidence Un incroyable total de seize candidats se sont prà ©sentà ©s aux à ©lections de 2002  ! Un choix extensif comme certains pourraient penser, trop extensif pensent dautres. Tout le monde pensait que, comme tous les ans, Jacques Chirac le prà ©sident actuel et Lionel Jospin le Premier Ministre là ©poque, se retrouvà ¨rent face face au deuxià ¨me tour. Les deux partis vivaient en co-habitation dans le gouvernement depuis quelques annà ©es dà ©j. à §a allait à ªtre la bataille du sià ¨cle. Mais la Gauche à ©tait fragmentà ©e en de nombreux petits partis (lextrà ªme gauche, les à ©cologistes, la nouvelle gauche), la fragilisant visvis des autres partis. Les Franais, dà ©sillusionnà ©s face cette gauche divisà ©e, se tournà ¨rent vers les seules alternatives qui leur parurent plausible  ; la droite, lextrà ªme droite ou labstentionnisme. Le Front National reu 11,75% des votes mais là ©lectorat lui-mà ªme est pensà © monter jusqu 16%. Le taux de voteur s pour le parti na jamais à ©tà © aussi à ©levà ©, et cette manifestation du pouvoir de là ©lectorat fut un rà ©veil alarmiste pour les partis divisà ©s de la gauche socialiste. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Example French Essay" essay for you Create order 2. Le taux dabstention Il est pensà © que ce fut, en plus du grand nombre de candidats, le large taux dabstention qui coà »ta sa place aux deuxià ¨me tour au premier ministre Lionel Jospin. Il renona dailleurs la position de leader de la gauche socialiste aprà ¨s cette dà ©faite, si humiliante pour son parti et si inattendue. Etre battu par un pourcentage si faible fut pris comme un vote de non-confiance en son parti. Il est vrai que, les Franais originalement de gauche qui sà ©taient abstenus de voter au premier tour en proteste, se rassemblà ¨rent vite au second et votà ¨rent en masse pour Chirac par peur de la trà ¨s rà ©elle montà ©e de lextrà ªme droite en France. Mais le mal, malheureusement, avaient dà ©j à ©tà © fait. Il est aussi pensà © que la hausse du taux dabstention est lià © la montà ©e des thà ©ories anarchistes venue dEspagne et de Corse, mais ceci nest quun spà ©culation pour tenter dexpliquer le graduel dà ©sillusionnement des Franais. Les abstentionnistes furent a ppelà ©s voter en masse au deuxià ¨me tour pour à ©liminer toute chance quavait Le Pen daccà ©der la prà ©sidence, aussi improbable soit-elle. 3. Linsà ©curità ©, la violence et le chaumage en France Lagenda politique en France en 2002 fut à ©galement crucial pour dà ©terminer du futur Prà ©sident de la Rà ©publique. Linsà ©curità © face la menace terroriste que provoqua le 11 septembre, la violence urbaine et la hausse du chaumage en France poussà ¨rent une population vieillissante se confier un homme contre limmigration massive et lintà ©gration raciale. Le Pen est connu pour ses propos anti-sà ©mite, en particulier laffirmation que limmigration de mass est le pire danger nous avons jamais rencontrà © en histoire. Linflux dimmigrants de partout dans le monde en France, un pays rà ©putà © pour sa solidarità © visvis de rà ©fugià ©s politiques, est pensà © à ªtre une des causes directes de la montà ©e du chaumage dans lhexagone. Dans ce contexte la sympathie pour les causes de Le Pen est à ©vidente. Similairement, la violence dans les banlieues de Paris est des autres grandes villes franaises comme Marseille et Lille est pensà © à ªtre à ©galement lià © limmigration et la montà ©e de jeunes auxquelles les valeurs franaises nont pas encore à ©tà © inculquà ©es. 4. La popularità © de la fille de Le Pen Le charisme de la fille de Le Pen, Marine, une avocate de 34 ans, est à ©galement pensà © avoir eu un effet non nà ©gligeable sur le succà ¨s du Front National aux à ©lections de 2002. Elle fut intà ©grà ©e en tant que membre du parti aprà ¨s son succà ¨s aux à ©lections rà ©gionales. En avril 2003 Jean-Marie Le Pen nomma sa fille une des cinq vice-prà ©sidents de Front National. Il est pensà © que cette dà ©marche fut une man-uvre pour baisser linfluence de Bruno Gollnisch qui se positionnait pour remplacer Le Pen quand il prendra à ©ventuellement sa retraite. Ce transfert de pouvoir ressemble beaucoup au transfert de pouvoir comme dans une monarchie. Cependant, linfluence de Marine Le Pen sur le succà ¨s du parti est passà © prà © dater les à ©lections. En tant que femme, elle inspira confiance là ©lectorat fà ©minin qui, jusqualors, ne reprà ©sentant quun minime pourcentage du parti. Elle est devenu un personnage mà ©diatique apparaissant rà ©gulià ¨reme nt la tà ©là ©vision nationale pour dà ©fendre les idà ©es de son pà ¨re. La stratà ©gie du parti vers le recrutement dun plus jeune à ©lectorat fut aussi favoriser par ses apparitions publiques. Heureusement, Le Pen fut battu en masse par Jacques Chirac au deuxià ¨me tour le 5 mai, mais le choc de ce premier tour perdure. Les Franais, par contre, nhà ©sità ¨rent pas exprimer leur dà ©ception avoir à ©tà © forcà © voter pour un prà ©sident qui, peut-à ªtre, naurait pas gagnà © si Lionel Jospin à ©tait passà © au premier tour. Comme le dit Le Quà ©bà ©cois Libre, Dans cet affrontement entre les candidats dits   de droite   et   dextrà ªme droite   (les deux offrant toutefois des programmes largement à ©tatistes), quelle est la meilleure conduite adopter pour faire avancer la libertà ©Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  ? Ce quoi nous faisons face maintenant est une stratà ©gie de diabolisation du Front National initià ©e par les socialistes et la droite luttant contre une stratà ©gie de normalisation de leur parti dirigà ©e par le Front National avec Marine Le Pen en tà ªte.

Accounting Standards Essay - 821 Words

Case 3-6 Accounting Standards A. Given the income statement effects of LIFO versus FIFO, how will the balance sheet inventory amounts differ between General Motors and Ford versus Honda and Daimler-Benz? In other words, will inventory be reported amounts representing recent costs or older historical costs? In your opinion, which balance sheet amounts would be more useful to financial statement users in making decisions to buy or sell shares of a company’s stock? Inventory is an asset that is intended for sale or goods that are produced for sale. To determine the value of inventory to be reflected in the balance sheet, purchases are added to the beginning inventory and then cost of goods sold are subtracted. The FIFO and LIFO†¦show more content†¦Under the current US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US GAAP), both inventory methods are acceptable. However, under the International Accounting Standards, the LIFO is now allowed. In my opinion, the balance sheet that uses the FIFO method of inventory would be more useful in making decisions to buy or sell shares of a company’s stock because the FIFO method gives users a better indication of the value of the ending inventory and the balance sheet under the FIFO method would show a bigger amount of assets compared to the LIFO method. Likewise, the income statement of a company that uses the FIFO method would also show a higher gross margin and thus, the bottom line would be higher as well. However, investors also need to look at other components of the financial statements and analyze the trend of an entity to gain a better understanding of an entity’s operations, performance and net worth prior to deciding on whether to sell or buy that company’s stocks. B. Discuss the concept of conservatism. In your opinion, which is more conservative, General Motors, and Ford or Honda and Daimler-Benz? Explain. 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